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Rubber Reinforcement with Particulate Fillers(粒状填料对橡胶的补强)

Rubber Reinforcement with Particulate Fillers(粒状填料对橡胶的补强)

  • 作者
  • Meng-Jiao Wang(王梦蛟)、(美) Michael Morris(迈克尔·莫里斯) 著

本书是主要阐述粒状填料对橡胶补强的学术专著。填料对橡胶补强是橡胶工业中应用最为广泛的技术之一,99%以上的橡胶制品均含填料,而炭黑和二氧化硅(白炭黑)是常用的填料。目前填料的研究和开发已成为橡胶科技研究中最活跃的领域。 本书除简单介绍填料的制作过程外,着重详细说明填料的微观结构、基本性质及它们表征的原理和方法。在此基础上,本书从理论上阐述了填料在橡胶中的各种...


  • ¥498.00

ISBN: 978-7-122-38301-3

版次: 1

出版时间: 2021-04-01

图书介绍

ISBN:978-7-122-38301-3

语种:英文

开本:16

出版时间:2021-04-01

装帧:精

页数:589

编辑推荐

本书是橡胶补强相关的理论和应用研究的综述。 详细地说明了填料的微观结构、基本性质及它们表征的原理和方法; 理论上阐述了填料在橡胶中的各种效应及这些效应是如何影响填充橡胶的加工性能和硫化胶的物理机械性能,诸如静态及动态应力-应变特性及破坏特性; 机理上论述了硫化胶性能与橡胶制品,尤其是与轮胎的使用性能之间的关系。

图书前言

Soon after rubber’s discovery as a remarkable material in the 18th century, the application of particulate fillers ? alongside vulcanization ? became the most important factor in the manufacture of rubber products, with the consumption of these particulate fillers second only to rubber itself. Fillers have held this important position not only as a cost savings measure by increasing volume, but more importantly, due to their unique ability to enhance the physical properties of rubber, a well-documented phenomenon termed “reinforcement.” In fact, the term filler is misleading because for a large portion of rubber products, tires in particular, the cost of filler per unit volume is even higher than that of the polymer. This is especially true for the reinforcement of elastomers by extremely fine fillers such as carbon black and silica. This subject has been comprehensively reviewed in the monographs “Reinforcement of Elastomers,” edited by G. Kraus (1964), “Carbon Black: Physics, Chemistry, and Elastomer Reinforcement,” written by J.-B. Donnet and A. Voet (1975), and “Carbon Black: Science and Technology,” edited by J.-B. Donnet, R. C. Bansal, and M.-J. Wang (1993). There has since been much progress in the fundamental understanding of rubber reinforcement, the application of conventional fillers, and the development of new products to improve the performance of rubber products.
While all agree that fillers as one of the main components of a filled-rubber composite have the most important bearing on improving the performance of rubber products, many new ideas, theories, practices, phenomena, and observations have been presented about how and especially why they alter the processability of filled compounds and the mechanical properties of filled vulcanizates.
This suggests that the real world of filled rubber is so complex and sophisticated that multiple mechanisms must be involved. It is possible to explain the effect of all fillers on rubber properties ultimately in similar and relatively nonspecific terms, i.e., the phenomena related to all filler parameters should follow general rules or principles. It is the authors’ belief that, regarding the impact of filler on all aspects of rubber reinforcement, filler properties, such as microstructure, morphology, and surface characteristics, play a dominant role in determining the properties of filled rubbers, hence the performance of rubber products, via their effects in rubber. These effects, which include hydrodynamic, interfacial, occlusion, and agglomeration of fillers, determine the structure of this book.
The first part of the book is dedicated to the basic properties of fillers and their characterization, followed by a chapter dealing with the effect of fillers in rubber. Based on these two parts, the processing of the filled compounds and the properties of the filled vulcanizates are discussed in detail. The last few chapters cover some special applications of fillers in tires, the new development of fillerrelated materials for tire applications, and application of fumed silica in silicone rubber. All chapters emphasize an internal logic and consistency, giving a full picture about rubber reinforcement by particulate fillers. As such, this work is intended for those working academically and industrially in the areas of rubber and filler.
We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Wang’s colleagues at the EVE Rubber Institute Mr. Weijie Jia, Mr. Fujin He, Dr. Bin Wang, Dr. Wenrong Zhao, Dr. Hao Zhang, Dr. Mingxiu Xie, Dr. Yudian Song, Dr. Feng Liu, Dr. Liang Zhong, Dr. Bing Yao, Dr. Dan Zhang, Dr. Kai Fu, and Mr. Shuai Lu for their assistance in preparing this book. Special thanks are due to the EVE Rubber Institute, Qingdao, China and Cabot Corporation, USA. Without their firm backing and continuous understanding, this effort could not have been accomplished.

Meng-Jiao Wang, Sc. D., Professor
EVE Rubber Institute, Qingdao, China
Michael Morris, Ph. D., Cabot Corporation
Billerica, Massachusetts USA

作者简介

王梦蛟,国家橡胶与轮胎工程技术研究中心任首席科学家,怡维怡橡胶研究院院长。美国卡博特公司前首席科学家。1984年,于法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)获得博士学位。曽任职于原化工部北京橡胶工业研究设计院、美国阿克隆大学、德国橡胶工业研究院(DIK)、德国Degussa公司。
王梦蛟在橡胶行业耕耘至今已达56年。发表科学论文共140余篇,获得55个美国和中国的授权专利及其相应的24个PCT专利。曾参与了《Carbon Black:Science and Technology》等10本专业书的章节编写,主译了5本橡胶专业书籍。曾担任美国Rubber Chemistry and Technology杂志编委。

Michael Morris现任美国卡博特公司高级科学家。1985年于南安普顿大学获博士学位。先后任职于英国马来西亚橡胶生产者研究协会(MRPRA)、马来西亚橡胶研究院。1996年加入卡博特公司后,主要从事气相法白炭黑、炭黑在橡胶中的补强研究。
Morris博士已发表18篇论文,参与两本书的编写,获得12个美国授权专利和很多对应的PCT专利。

精彩书摘

本书是主要阐述粒状填料对橡胶补强的学术专著。填料对橡胶补强是橡胶工业中应用最为广泛的技术之一,99%以上的橡胶制品均含填料,而炭黑和二氧化硅(白炭黑)是常用的填料。目前填料的研究和开发已成为橡胶科技研究中最活跃的领域。
本书除简单介绍填料的制作过程外,着重详细说明填料的微观结构、基本性质及它们表征的原理和方法。在此基础上,本书从理论上阐述了填料在橡胶中的各种效应及这些效应是如何影响填充橡胶的加工性能、硫化胶在溶剂中的溶胀行为和物理机械性能,诸如静态及动态应力-应变特性及破坏特性,并从机理上论述了上述硫化胶性能与橡胶制品,尤其是轮胎的最终使用性能之间的关系。
本书对于橡胶行业的工程师和产品开发人员,以及从事橡胶研究的技术人员、教师和学生是很好的参考资料。

目录

Preface         Ⅰ

About the Authors        Ⅲ

1. Manufacture of Fillers      1
1.1 Manufacture of Carbon Black      3
1.1.1 Mechanisms of Carbon Black Formation    3
1.1.2 Manufacturing Process of Carbon Black     6
1.1.2.1 Oil-Furnace Process      6
1.1.2.2 The Thermal Black Process       10
1.1.2.3 Acetylene Black Process        11
1.1.2.4 Lampblack Process      11
1.1.2.5 Impingement (Channel, Roller) Black Process     12
1.1.2.6 Recycle Blacks        12
1.1.2.7 Surface Modification of Carbon Blacks       13
1.1.2.7.1 Attachments of the Aromatic Ring Nucleus to Carbon Black      13
1.1.2.7.2 Attachments to the Aromatic Ring Structure through Oxidized Groups         13
1.1.2.7.3 Metal Oxide Treatment       14
1.2 Manufacture of Silica         14
1.2.1 Mechanisms of Precipitated Silica Formation      15
1.2.2 Manufacturing Process of Precipitated Silica       16
1.2.3 Mechanisms of Fumed Silica Formation    18
1.2.4 Manufacture Process of Fumed Silica     18
References           19

2. Characterization of Fillers        22
2.1 Chemical Composition        23
2.1.1 Carbon Black          23
2.1.2 Silica         25
2.2 Micro-Structure of Fillers        27
2.2.1 Carbon Black          27
2.2.2 Silica         29
2.3 Filler Morphologies          29
2.3.1 Primary Particles-Surface Area       29
2.3.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)     30
2.3.1.2 Gas Phase Adsorptions        34
2.3.1.2.1 Total Surface Area Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption-BET/NSA      35
2.3.1.2.2 External Surface Area Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption-STSA        41
2.3.1.2.3 Micro-Pore Size Distribution Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption        46
2.3.1.3 Liquid Phase Adsorptions        51
2.3.1.3.1 Iodine Adsorptions        52
2.3.1.3.2 Adsorption of Large Molecules       56
2.3.2 Structure-Aggregate Size and Shape      61
2.3.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy    62
2.3.2.2 Disc Centrifuge Photosedimentometer       66
2.3.2.3 Void Volume Measurement       68
2.3.2.3.1 Oil Absorption       69
2.3.2.3.2 Compressed Volume        75
2.3.2.3.3 Mercury Porosimetry        80
2.3.3 Tinting Strength         83
2.4 Filler Surface Characteristics       92
2.4.1 Characterization of Surface Chemistry of Filler-Surface Groups   92
2.4.2 Characterization of Physical Chemistry of Filler Surface-Surface Energy      93
2.4.2.1 Contact Angle        98
2.4.2.1.1 Single Liquid Phase        98
2.4.2.1.2 Dual Liquid Phases       102
2.4.2.2 Heat of Immersion       106
2.4.2.3 Inverse Gas Chromatograph      111
2.4.2.3.1 Principle of Measuring Filler Surface Energy with IGC   111
2.4.2.3.2 Adsorption at Infinite Dilution       112
2.4.2.3.3 Adsorption at Finite Concentration      118
2.4.2.3.4 Surface Energy of the Fillers    123
2.4.2.3.5 Estimation of Rubber-Filler Interaction from Adsorption Energy of Elastomer Analogs    139
2.4.2.4 Bound Rubber Measurement      142
References          143

3. Effect of Fillers in Rubber       153
3.1 Hydrodynamic Effect ? Strain Amplification       153
3.2 Interfacial Interaction between Filler and Polymer      155
3.2.1 Bound Rubber         155
3.2.2 Rubber Shell          159
3.3 Occlusion of Rubber        161
3.4 Filler Agglomeration        163
3.4.1 Observations of Filler Agglomeration     163
3.4.2 Modes of Filler Agglomeration       164
3.4.3 Thermodynamics of Filler Agglomeration       167
3.4.4 Kinetics of Filler Agglomeration      170
References          173

4. Filler Dispersion       177
4.1 Basic Concept of Filler Dispersion        177
4.2 Parameters Influencing Filler Dispersion      179
4.3 Liquid Phase Mixing         187
References           191

5. Effect of Fillers on the Properties of Uncured Compounds   193
5.1 Bound Rubber          193
5.1.1 Significance of Bound Rubber      194
5.1.2 Measurement of Bound Rubber      195
5.1.3 Nature of Bound Rubber Attachment    197
5.1.4 Polymer Mobility in Bound Rubber     202
5.1.5 Polymer Effects on Bound Rubber     203
5.1.5.1 Molecular Weight Effects      203
5.1.5.2 Polymer Chemistry Effects      203
5.1.6 Effect of Filler on Bound Rubber      204
5.1.6.1 Surface Area and Structure      204
5.1.6.2 Specific Surface Activity of Carbon Blacks    206
5.1.6.3 Effect of Surface Characteristics on Bound Rubber     210
5.1.6.4 Carbon Black Surface Modification       211
5.1.6.5 Silica Surface Modification      215
5.1.7 Effect of Mixing Conditions on Bound Rubber     215
5.1.7.1 Temperature and Time of Mixing       216
5.1.7.2 Mixing Sequence Effect of Rubber Ingredients   218
5.1.7.2.1 Mixing Sequence of Oil and Other Additives     219
5.1.7.2.2 Mixing Sequence of Sulfur, Sulfur Donor, and Other Crosslinkers       221
5.1.7.2.3 Bound Rubber of Silica Compounds     222
5.1.7.3 Bound Rubber in Wet Masterbatches      223
5.1.7.4 Bound Rubber of Fumed Silica-Filled Silicone Rubber   225
5.2 Viscosity of Filled Compounds        227
5.2.1 Factors Influencing Viscosity of the Carbon Black-Filled Compounds          227
5.2.2 Master Curve of Viscosity vs. Effective Volume of Carbon Blacks        230
5.2.3 Viscosity of Silica Compounds      233
5.2.4 Viscosity Growth ? Storage Hardening       238
5.3 Die Swell and Surface Appearance of the Extrudate     241
5.3.1 Die Swell of Carbon Black Compounds       241
5.3.2 Die Swell of Silica Compounds      246
5.3.3 Extrudate Appearance         247
5.4 Green Strength           249
5.4.1 Effect of Polymers        249
5.4.2 Effect of Filler Properties        252
References          255

6. Effect of Fillers on the Properties of Vulcanizates  263
6.1 Swelling         263
6.2 Stress-Strain Behavior        271
6.2.1 Low Strain          271
6.2.2 Hardness          274
6.2.3 Medium and High Strains-The Strain Dependence of Modulus          275
6.3 Strain-Energy Loss-Stress-Softening Effect       279
6.3.1 Mechanisms of Stress-Softening Effect       282
6.3.1.1 Gum          282
6.3.1.2 Filled Vulcanizates         283
6.3.1.3 Recovery of Stress Softening     287
6.3.2 Effect of Fillers on Stress Softening    288
6.3.2.1 Carbon Blacks       288
6.3.2.1.1 Effect of Loading        288
6.3.2.1.2 Effect of Surface Area      289
6.3.2.1.3 Effect of Structure        290
6.3.2.2 Precipitated Silica         290
6.4 Fracture Properties         295
6.4.1 Crack Initiation        295
6.4.2 Tearing           296
6.4.2.1 State of Tearing      296
6.4.2.1.1 Effect of Filler         301
6.4.2.1.2 Effect of Polymer Crystallizability and Network Structure        302
6.4.2.2 Tearing Energy       306
6.4.2.2.1 Effect of Filler         306
6.4.2.2.2 Effect of Polymer Crystallizability and Network Structure        307
6.4.3 Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break       315
6.4.4 Fatigue        318
References          321

7. Effect of Fillers on the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanizates         329
7.1 Dynamic Properties of Vulcanizates      329
7.2 Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates       332
7.2.1 Strain Amplitude Dependence of Elastic Modulus of Filled Rubber         332
7.2.2 Strain Amplitude Dependence of Viscous Modulus of Filled Rubber         340
7.2.3 Strain Amplitude Dependence of Loss Tangent of Filled Rubber         343
7.2.4 Hysteresis Mechanisms of Filled Rubber Concerning Different Modes of Filler Agglomeration    348
7.2.5 Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates       350
7.3 Dynamic Stress Softening Effect       354
7.3.1 Stress-Softening Effect of Filled Rubbers Measured with Mode 2          355
7.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Dynamic Stress-Softening   359
7.3.3 Effect of Frequency on Dynamic Stress-Softening    360
7.3.4 Stress-Softening Effect of Filled Rubbers Measured with Mode 3           362
7.3.5 Effect of Filler Characteristics on Dynamic Stress-Softening and Hysteresis      369
7.3.6 Dynamic Stress-Softening of Silica Compounds Produced by Liquid Phase Mixing     371
7.4 Time-Temperature Superposition of Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates        376
7.5 Heat Build-up          385
7.6 Resilience        387
References          389

8. Rubber Reinforcement Related to Tire Performance    394
8.1 Rolling Resistance          394
8.1.1 Mechanisms of Rolling Resistance-Relationship between Rolling Resistance and Hysteresis   394
8.1.2 Effect of Filler on Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Properties       396
8.1.2.1 Effect of Filler Loading        396
8.1.2.2 Effect of Filler Morphology      397
8.1.2.2.1 Effect of Surface Area       397
8.1.2.2.2 Effect of Structure        400
8.1.2.3 Effect of Filler Surface Characteristics       402
8.1.2.3.1 Effect of Carbon Black Graphitization on Dynamic Properties        403
8.1.2.3.2 Comparison of Carbon Black and Silica     405
8.1.2.3.3 Effect of Filler Blends (Blend of Silica and Carbon Black, without Coupling Agent)     408
8.1.2.3.4 Effect of Surface Modification of Silica     411
8.1.2.3.5 Effect of Surface Modification of Carbon Black on Dynamic Properties        414
8.1.2.3.6 Carbon/Silica Dual Phase Filler    418
8.1.2.3.7 Polymeric Filler         423
8.1.3 Mixing Effect          425
8.1.4 Precrosslinking Effect      428
8.2 Skid Resistance ? Friction      430
8.2.1 Mechanisms of Skid Resistance       434
8.2.1.1 Friction and Friction Coefficients-Static Friction and Dynamic Friction      434
8.2.1.2 Friction between Two Rigid Solid Surfaces     434
8.2.2 Friction of Rubber on Rigid Surface     435
8.2.2.1 Dry Friction         435
8.2.2.1.1 Adhesion Friction        435
8.2.2.1.2 Hysteresis Friction        437
8.2.2.2 Wet Friction         438
8.2.2.2.1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication       439
8.2.2.2.2 The Thickness of Lubricant Film for Rubber Sliding over Rigid Asperity        439
8.2.2.2.3 Boundary Lubrication       439
8.2.2.2.4 Difference in Boundary Lubrication between Rigid-Rigid and Rigid-Elastomer Surfaces   440
8.2.2.3 Review of Frictional Properties of Some Tire Tread Materials          442
8.2.2.3.1 Carbon and Graphite       442
8.2.2.3.2 Glass         443
8.2.2.3.3 Rubber        443
8.2.2.3.4 Prediction of Friction of Filled Rubbers on Dry and Wet Road Surfaces Based on Surface Characteristics of Different Materials        444
8.2.2.4 Morphology of the Worn Surface of Filled Vulcanizates    444
8.2.2.4.1 Comparison of Polymer-Filler Interaction between Carbon Black and Silica      445
8.2.2.4.2 Effect of Break-in of Specimens under Wet Conditions on Friction Coefficients      448
8.2.2.4.3 Abrasion Resistance of Filled Vulcanizates under Wet and Dry Conditions      449
8.2.2.4.4 Observation of the Change in Friction Coefficients during Skid Test        450
8.2.2.4.5 SEM Observation of Worn Surface      451
8.2.3 Wet Skid Resistance of Tire        451
8.2.3.1 Three Zone Concept         452
8.2.3.2 Effect of Different Fillers in the Three Zones     454
8.2.3.2.1 Minimization of Squeeze-Film Zone     454
8.2.3.2.2 Minimization of Transition Zone and Maximizing Its Boundary Lubrication Component  454
8.2.3.2.3 Maximization of Traction Zone    456
8.2.3.3 Influencing Factors on Wet Skid Resistance     456
8.2.3.3.1 Effect of Test Conditions on Wet Skid Resistance     458
8.2.3.3.2 Effect of Compound Properties and Test Methods on Wet Skid Resistance       464
8.2.3.4 Development of a New Filler for Wet Skid Resistance     467
8.3 Abrasion Resistance         471
8.3.1 Abrasion Mechanisms      471
8.3.2 Effect of Filler Parameters on Abrasion       480
8.3.2.1 Effect of Filler Loading        480
8.3.2.2 Effect of Filler Surface Area      482
8.3.2.3 Effect of Filler Structure        483
8.3.2.4 Effect of Filler-Elastomer Interaction       485
8.3.2.4.1 Effect of Filler-Elastomer Interaction Related to Surface Area      485
8.3.2.4.2 Effect of Heat Treatment of Carbon Black   486
8.3.2.4.3 Effect of Oxidation of Carbon Black     487
8.3.2.4.4 Effect of Physical Adsorption of Chemicals on Carbon Black Surface       487
8.3.2.5 Effect of Carbon Black Mixing Procedure      488
8.3.2.6 Silica vs. Carbon Black        490
8.3.2.7 Silica in Emulsion SBR Compounds    491
8.3.2.8 Silica in NR Compounds       492
8.3.2.9 Effect of CSDPF on Abrasion Resistance     494
References          495

9. Development of New Materials for Tire Application     508
9.1 Chemical Modified Carbon Black        508
9.2 Carbon-Silica Dual Phase Filler (CSDPF)     510
9.2.1 Characteristics of Chemistry        512
9.2.2 Characteristics of Compounding      513
9.2.3 Application of CSDPF 4000 in Passenger Tires     515
9.2.4 Application of CSDPF 2000 in Truck Tires       515
9.3 NR/Carbon Black Masterbatch Produced by Liquid Phase Mixing    516
9.3.1 Mechanisms of Mixing, Coagulation, and Dewatering   517
9.3.2 Compounding Characteristics       518
9.3.2.1 Mastication Efficiency        519
9.3.2.2 CEC Product Form         520
9.3.2.3 Mixing Equipment         520
9.3.2.4 Mixing Procedures         521
9.3.2.4.1 Two-Stage Mixing        521
9.3.2.4.2 Single-Stage Mixing       522
9.3.2.5 Total Mixing Cycle         523
9.3.3 Cure Characteristics       524
9.3.4 Physical Properties of CEC Vulcanizates    524
9.3.4.1 Stress-Strain Properties        524
9.3.4.2 Abrasion Resistance         525
9.3.4.3 Dynamic Hysteresis at High Temperature     526
9.3.4.4 Cut-Chip Resistance         529
9.3.4.5 Flex Fatigue         529
9.4 Synthetic Rubber/Silica Masterbatch Produced with Liquid Phase Mixing        530
9.4.1 Production Process of EVEC        531
9.4.2 Compound Properties      532
9.4.2.1 Bound Rubber Content        533
9.4.2.2 Mooney Viscosity       534
9.4.2.3 Extrusion         534
9.4.2.4 Cure Characteristics         535
9.4.3 Vulcanizate Properties      537
9.4.3.1 Hardness of Vulcanizates       537
9.4.3.2 Static Stress-Strain Properties      537
9.4.3.3 Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break     540
9.4.3.4 Tear Strength        540
9.4.3.5 Dynamic Properties         541
9.4.3.5.1 Strain Dependence of Dynamic Properties   541
9.4.3.5.2 Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Properties     544
9.4.3.5.3 Rebound and Heat Build-up     548
9.4.3.6 Abrasion Resistance         548
9.5 Powdered Rubber          549
9.5.1 Production of Powdered Rubber      549
9.5.2 Mixing of Powdered Rubber        549
9.5.3 Properties of Powdered Rubber Compounds      550
9.6 Masterbatches with Other Fillers        551
9.6.1 Starch           551
9.6.2 Organo-Clays          553
References          553

10. Reinforcement of Silicone Rubber       558
10.1 Fumed vs. Precipitated Silica         559
10.2 Interaction between Silica and Silicone Polymers     560
10.2.1 Surface Energy Characterization by Inverse Gas Chromatography        560
10.2.2 Bound Rubber in Silica-PDMS Systems       562
10.3 Crepe Hardening          563
10.4 Silica Surface Modification         564
10.5 Morphological Properties of Silica       565
10.5.1 Surface Area         565
10.5.2 Structure Properties of Silica       567
10.6 Mixing and Processing of Silicone Compounds       568
10.7 Silica Dispersion in Silicone Rubber      572
10.8 Static Mechanical Properties         573
10.8.1 Tensile Modulus        573
10.8.2 Tensile Strength and Elongation Properties      576
10.8.3 Compression Set        576
10.9 Dynamic Mechanical Properties        578
References          580

Index         583

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